Computer Security Tips Protecting Your Data

Believe jago deh biar your computer if you are not careful, you can hack exposed. My time is almost only a few times so the only victims of fraudulent want security testing whether my computer is safe to click with these sites via e-mail attachment or download.

The result never make my head whirl around seven because almost kena hack the Internet and IP-I was in the block by my own investment account. Therefore I created this article so that Netter is reading this can terhindari of the things that are not desired.

Some tips below will be able to prevent and avoid exposure to your hack:

1. Be careful of phishing sites do a lot of very outstanding at this time (example: www.swiiscash.net - and should www.swisscah.net www.e-qold.com - G changed his life Q), once you do not go to the site is fraudulent even though only want to see it if you still lay on the security of your Internet and computer

2. Never go to any site via e-mail click / e-mail link because it can potentially be used for click to download active-x can do to hijack (hijack) your browser unless you are sure that the link is safe or to activate the registration. 90% of the hack as this computer can be infected or spyware / virus

3. Always use Mozilla FireFox browser you already have a proven security best compared to other browsers, including IE7.0

4. Install Firewall on your computer, you can use the free version of ZoneAlarm can be downloaded at www.zonelabs.com

5. Frequently update your Windows with the latest patch for the original license that has a Windows

6. We suggest the computer is also equipped with antivirus and antispyware, or you can use the free version www.ewido.net

7. Do not you even open the account or investment account other important computer in your cafe (the public) who do not have a firewall or you are not sure that the computer is safe because your account can be affected because Keylogger hack (keyboard activities recorder program and you open the site) and should check your Windows startup to its first and turn off which you access using a dangerous program, such as Hijack This! you can download at the download site

8. Never download a file attachment in the e-mail you if you do not know the e-mail from anyone and especially e-mail from overseas (in English)

9. Do not install free programs that you download from any site that can not be trusted or through P2P programs such as Limewire, iMesh or BearShare because sometimes these contain viruses or spyware

Will Google Google open Wave This September

Google has announced that 'species' new service that combines email and instant messaging called Google akan Wave immediately launched end of September this year.

Google Google Wave has been prepared for merevolusi online real time communication that is rich in various features.

In the first occurrence of the later, this new service can be enjoyed by as much 100,000 people who have special register as a user of the access Google Wave. Google's New Wave and the service will be expanded after one month or more during the trial run.

So far there are 25,000 new people who have registered as users of. They are not the developers who participated in developing applications and software for Google's new Wave.

Google is confident that Google's Wave really represent a new development in the field of online communication, combined with real-time chat and email into a single browser window.

"Users will be able to Google menyeting Wave suit them, exchanging photos, view maps online, video, documents and other information through a network of live Internet real time," said Google spokesman.

Google is also inviting those who want to become a prime user experience for this service by way of the Google site with a Wave http://wave.google.com. As mentioned Google, the opportunity of this are limited to 100,000 people the first registrant. (Telegraph / Okezone)

TCP/IP troubleshooting tools

The following list shows some of the TCP/IP diagnostic tools that are included with Windows XP:

Basic tools

• Network Diagnostics in Help and Support
  Contains detailed information about the network configuration and the results of automated tests.
• Network Connections folder
  Contains information and configuration for all network connections on the computer. To locate the Network Connections folder, click Start, click Control Panel, and then click Network and Internet Connections.
• IPConfig command
  Displays current TCP/IP network configuration values, updates, or releases, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allocated leases, and display, register, or flush Domain Name System (DNS) names.
• Ping command
  Sends ICMP Echo Request messages to verify that TCP/IP is configured correctly and that a TCP/IP host is available.

Advanced tools

• Hostname command
  Displays the name of the host computer.
• Nbtstat command
  Displays the status of current NetBIOS over TCP/IP connections, updates the NetBIOS name cache, and displays the registered names and scope ID.
• PathPing command
  Displays a path of a TCP/IP host and packet losses at each router along the way.
• Route command
  Displays the IP routing table and adds or deletes IP routes.
• Tracert command
  Displays the path of a TCP/IP host.

To view the correct command syntax to use with each of these tools, type -? at a command prompt after the name of the tool.

Windows XP Professional tools

Windows XP Professional contains the following additional tools:

• Event viewer
  Records system errors and events.
• Computer Management
  Changes network interface drivers and other components.

Back to the top

Troubleshooting

The procedure that you use to troubleshoot TCP/IP issues depends on the type of network connection that you are using and the connectivity problem that you are experiencing.

Automated troubleshooting

For most issues that involve Internet connectivity, start by using the Network Diagnostics tool to identify the source of the issue. To use Network Diagnostics, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, and then click Help and Support.
2. Click the link to Use Tools to view your computer information and diagnose problems, and then click Network Diagnostics in the list on the left.
3. When you click Scan your system, Network Diagnostics gathers configuration information and performs automated troubleshooting of the network connection.
4. When the process is completed, look for any items that are marked "FAILED" in red, expand those categories, and then view the additional details about what the testing showed.

You can either use that information to resolve the issue or you can provide the information to a network support professional for help. If you compare the tests that failed with the documentation in the Manual Troubleshooting section later in this article, you may be able to determine the source of the issue. To interpret the results for TCP/IP, expand the Network Adapters section of the results, and then expand the network adapter that failed the testing.

You can also start the Network Diagnostics interface directly by using the following command:

netsh diag gui

Manual troubleshooting

To manually troubleshoot your TCP/IP connectivity, use the following methods in the order that they appear:

Method 1: Use the IPConfig tool to verify the configuration

To use the IPConfig tool to verify the TCP/IP configuration on the computer that is experiencing the problem, click Start, click Run, and then type cmd. You can now use the ipconfig command to determine the host computer configuration information, including the IP address, the subnet mask, and the default gateway.

The /all parameter for IPConfig generates a detailed configuration report for all interfaces, including any remote access adapters. You can redirect IPConfig output to a file to paste the output into other documents. To do this, type:

ipconfig > \folder_name\file_name

The output receives the specified file name and is stored in the specified folder.

You can review the IPConfig output to identify issues that exist in the computer network configuration. For example, if a computer is manually configured with an IP address that duplicates an existing IP address that is already detected, the subnet mask appears as 0.0.0.0.

If your local IP address is returned as 169.254.y.z with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0, the IP address was assigned by the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) feature of Windows XP Professional. This assignment means that TCP/IP is configured for automatic configuration, that no DHCP server was found, and that no alternative configuration is specified. This configuration has no default gateway for the interface.

If your local IP address is returned as 0.0.0.0, the DHCP Media Sensing feature override turned on because the network adapter detected its lack of connection to a network, or TCP/IP detected an IP address that duplicates a manually configured IP address.

If you do not identify any issues in the TCP/IP configuration, go to Method 2.

Method 2: Use the Ping tool to test your connectivity

If you do not identify any issues in the TCP/IP configuration, determine whether the computer can connect to other host computers on the TCP/IP network. To do this, use the Ping tool.

The Ping tool helps you verify IP-level connectivity. The ping command sends an ICMP Echo Request message to a destination host. Use Ping whenever you want to verify that a host computer can send IP packets to a destination host. You can also use Ping to isolate network hardware problems and incompatible configurations.

Note If you ran the ipconfig /all command, and the IP configuration appeared, you do not have to ping the loopback address and your own IP address. IPConfig has already performed these tasks to display the configuration. When you troubleshoot, verify that a route exists between the local computer and a network host. To do this, use the following command:

ping IP address

NoteIP address is the IP address of the network host that you want to connect to.

To use the ping command, follow these steps:

1. Ping the loopback address to verify that TCP/IP is installed and correctly configured on the local computer. To do this, type the following command:
   ping 127.0.0.1
   If the loopback test fails, the IP stack is not responding. This problem may occur if any one or more of the following conditions is true:
   • The TCP drivers are corrupted.
   • The network adapter is not working.
   • Another service is interfering with IP.
2. Ping the IP address of the local computer to verify that the computer was correctly added to the network. If the routing table is correct, this procedure just forwards the packet to the loopback address of 127.0.0.1. To do this, type the following command:
   ping IP address of local host
   If the loopback test succeeds but you cannot ping the local IP address, there may be an issue with the routing table or with the network adapter driver.
3. Ping the IP address of the default gateway to verify that the default gateway is working and that you can communicate with a local host on the local network. To do this, type the following command:
   ping IP address of default gateway
   If the ping fails, you may have an issue with the network adapter, the router or gateway device, the cabling, or other connectivity hardware.
4. Ping the IP address of a remote host to verify that you can communicate through a router. To do this, type the following command:
   ping IP address of remote host
   If the ping fails, the remote host may not be responding, or there may be a problem with the network hardware between computers. To rule out an unresponsive remote host, use Ping again to a different remote host.
5. Ping the host name of a remote host to verify that you can resolve a remote host name. To do this, type the following command:
   ping Host name of remote host
   Ping uses name resolution to resolve a computer name into an IP address. Therefore, if you successfully ping an IP address but you cannot ping a computer name, there is a problem with host name resolution, not with network connectivity. Verify that DNS server addresses are configured for the computer, either manually in the properties of TCP/IP, or by automatic assignment. If DNS server addresses are listed when you type the ipconfig /all command, try to ping the server addresses to make sure that they are accessible.

If you cannot use Ping successfully at any point, verify the following configurations:

• Make sure that the local computer's IP address is valid and that it is correct on the General tab of the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box or when it is used with the Ipconfig tool.
• Make sure that a default gateway is configured and that the link between the host and the default gateway is working. For troubleshooting purposes, make sure that only one default gateway is configured. Although you can configure more than one default gateway, gateways after the first gateway are used only if the IP stack determines that the original gateway is not working. The purpose of troubleshooting is to determine the status of the first configured gateway. Therefore, you can delete all the other gateways to simplify your task.
• Make sure that Internet Protocol security (IPSec) is not turned on. Depending on the IPSec policy, Ping packets may be blocked or may require security. For more information about IPSec, go to Method 7: Verify Internet Protocol security (IPSec).

Important If the remote computer that you are pinging is across a high-delay link such as a satellite link, response may take longer. You can use the -w (wait) parameter to specify a longer timeout period than the default timeout of four seconds.

Method 3: Use the PathPing tool to verify a route

The PathPing tool detects packet loss over multiple-hop paths. Run a PathPing analysis to a remote host to verify that the routers on the way to the destination are operating correctly. To do this, type the following command:

pathping IP address of remote host

Method 4: Use the Arp tool to clear the ARP cache

If you can ping both the loopback address (127.0.0.1) and your IP address but you cannot ping any other IP addresses, use the Arp tool to clear out the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache. To view the cache entries, type any one of the following commands:

arp -a

arp -g

To delete the entries, type the following command:

arp -d IP address

To flush the ARP cache, type the following command:

netsh interface ip delete arpcache

Method 5: Verify the default gateway

The gateway address must be on the same network as the local host. Otherwise, messages from the host computer cannot be forwarded outside the local network. If the gateway address is on the same network as the local host, make sure that the default gateway address is correct. Make sure that the default gateway is a router, not just a host. And make sure that the router is enabled to forward IP datagrams.

Method 6: Use the Tracert tool or the Route tool to verify communications

If the default gateway responds correctly, ping a remote host to make sure that network-to-network communications are working correctly. If communications are not working correctly, use the Tracert tool to trace the path of the destination. For IP routers that are Microsoft Windows 2000-based or Microsoft Windows NT 4.0-based computers, use the Route tool or the Routing and Remote Access snap-in to view the IP routing table. For other IP routers, use the vendor-designated appropriate tool or facility to examine the IP routing table.

Most frequently, you receive the following four error messages when you use Ping during troubleshooting:

TTL Expired in Transit

This error message means that the number of required hops exceeds the Time to Live (TTL). To increase TTL, by use the ping -i command. A routing loop may exist. Use the Tracert command to determine whether misconfigured routers have caused a routing loop.

Destination Host Unreachable

This error message means that no local or remote route exists for a destination host at the sending host or at a router. Troubleshoot the local host or the router's routing table.

Request Timed Out

This error message means that the Echo Reply messages were not received in the designated timeout period. By default, the designated timeout period is four seconds. Use the ping -w command to increase the timeout.

Ping request could not find host

This error message means that the destination host name cannot be resolved. Verify the name and the availability of DNS or WINS servers.

Method 7: Verify Internet Protocol security (Ipsec)

IPSec can improve security on a network, but changing network configurations or troubleshooting problems more difficult. Sometimes, IPSec policies require secured communication on a Windows XP Professional-based computer. These requirements can make it difficult to connect to a remote host. If IPSec is implemented locally, you can turn off the IPSEC Services service in the Services snap-in.

If the difficulties end when you stop the IPSec services, IPSec policies are either blocking the traffic or requiring security for the traffic. Ask the security administrator to modify the IPSec policy.

Method 8: Verify packet filtering

Because of mistakes in packet filtering, address resolution or connectivity may not work. To determine whether packet filtering is the source of a network problem, turn off TCP/IP packet filtering. To do this, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, click Control Panel, click Network and Internet Connections, and then click Network Connections.
2. Right-click the local area connection that you want to modify, and then click Properties.
3. On the General tab, in the This connection uses the following items list, click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click Properties.
4. Click Advanced, and then click the Options tab.
5. In the Optional Settings dialog box, click TCP/IP Filtering, and then click the Properties tab.
6. Click to clear the Enable TCP/IP Filtering (All adapters) check box, and then click OK.

To ping an address, use its DNS name, its NetBIOS computer name, or its IP address. If the ping succeeds, the packet filtering options may be misconfigured or too restrictive. For example, the filtering can allow the computer to act as a Web server, but, to do this, the filtering may turn off tools such as remote administration. To restore a wider range of permissible filtering options, change the permitted values for the TCP port, the UDP port, and the IP protocol.

Method 9: Verify the connection to a specific server

To determine the cause of connectivity problems when you are trying to connect to a specific server through NetBIOS-based connections, use the nbtstat -n command on the server to determine what name the server registered on the network.

The nbtstat -n output command lists several names that the computer has registered. The list will include a name that looks similar to the computer's name that is configured on the Computer Name tab under System in Control Panel. If not, try one of the other unique names that the nbtstat command displays.

The Nbtstat tool can also display the cached entries for remote computers from #PRE entries in the Lmhosts file or from recently resolved names. If the name that the remote computers are using for the server is the same, and the other computers are on a remote subnet, make sure that the other computers have the computer's name-to-address mapping in their Lmhosts files or WINS servers.

Method 10: Verify remote connections

To determine why a TCP/IP connection to a remote computer stops responding, use the netstat -a command to show the status of all activity for TCP and UDP ports on the local computer.

Typically, a good TCP connection shows 0 bytes in the Sent and Received queues. If data is blocked in either queue or the state of the queues is irregular, the connection may be faulty. If data is not blocked, and the state of the queues is typical, you may be experiencing network or program delay.

Method 11: Use the Route tool to examine the routing table

For two hosts to exchange IP datagrams, both hosts must have a route to each other, or they must use default gateways that have a route. To view the routing table on a Windows XP-based host, type the following command:

route print

Method 12: Use the Tracert tool to examine paths

Tracert sends ICMP Echo Request messages that have incrementally higher values in the IP header TTL field to determine the path from one host to another through a network. Then Tracert analyzes the ICMP messages that are returned. With Tracert, you can track the path from router to router for up to 30 hops. If a router has failed, or the packet is routed into a loop, Tracert reveals the problem. After you locate the problem router, you can contact the router administrator if the router is offsite, or you can restore the router to fully functional status if the router is under your control.

Method 13: Troubleshoot gateways

If you receive the following error message during configuration, determine whether the default gateway is located on the same logical network as the computer's network adapter:

Your default gateway does not belong to one of the configured interfaces

Compare the network ID part of the default gateway IP address with the network IDs of the computer's network adapters. Specifically, verify that the bitwise logical AND of the IP address and the subnet mask equals the bitwise logical AND of the default gateway and the subnet mask.

For example, a computer that has a single network adapter that is configured with an IP address of 172.16.27.139 and a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 must use a default gateway of the form 172.16.y.z. The network ID for this IP interface is 172.16.0.0.

Additional resources

The following resources contain additional information about how to troubleshoot Microsoft TCP/IP:

See the "Configuring TCP/IP" topic in the documentation for the Microsoft Windows XP Professional Resource Kit.

See "Introduction to TCP/IP" in the TCP/IP Core Networking Guide of the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Resource Kit for general information about the TCP/IP protocol suite.

See "Unicast Routing Overview" in the Internetworking Guide of the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Resource Kit for more information about routing principles.

See "TCP/IP Troubleshooting" in the TCP/IP Core Networking Guide of the Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Resource Kit for more information about IP packet filtering.

Virtual Memory in Windows XP

Introduction

This page attempts to be a stand-alone description for general users of the way Virtual Memory operates in Windows XP. Other pages on this site are written mainly for Windows 98/ME (see Windows 98 & Win ME Memory Management) and, while a lot is in common, there are significant differences in Windows XP.

What is Virtual Memory?

A program instruction on an Intel 386 or later CPU can address up to 4GB of memory, using its full 32 bits. This is normally far more than the RAM of the machine. (The 32nd exponent of 2 is exactly 4,294,967,296, or 4 GB. 32 binary digits allow the representation of 4,294,967,296 numbers — counting 0.) So the hardware provides for programs to operate in terms of as much as they wish of this full 4GB space as Virtual Memory, those parts of the program and data which are currently active being loaded into Physical Random Access Memory (RAM). The processor itself then translates (‘maps’) the virtual addresses from an instruction into the correct physical equivalents, doing this on the fly as the instruction is executed. The processor manages the mapping in terms of pages of 4 Kilobytes each - a size that has implications for managing virtual memory by the system.

What are Page Faults?

Only those parts of the program and data that are currently in active use need to be held in physical RAM. Other parts are then held in a swap file (as it’s called in Windows 95/98/ME: Win386.swp) or page file (in Windows NT versions including Windows 2000 and XP: pagefile.sys). When a program tries to access some address that is not currently in physical RAM, it generates an interrupt, called a Page Fault. This asks the system to retrieve the 4 KB page containing the address from the page file (or in the case of code possibly from the original program file). This — a valid page fault — normally happens quite invisibly. Sometimes, through program or hardware error, the page is not there either. The system then has an ‘Invalid Page Fault’ error. This will be a fatal error if detected in a program: if it is seen within the system itself (perhaps because a program sent it a bad request to do something), it may manifest itself as a ‘blue screen’ failure with a STOP code: consult the page on STOP Messages on this site.

If there is pressure on space in RAM, then parts of code and data that are not currently needed can be ‘paged out’ in order to make room — the page file can thus be seen as an overflow area to make the RAM behave as if it were larger than it is.

What is loaded in RAM?

Items in RAM can be divided into:

• The Non-Paged area. Parts of the System which are so important that they may never be paged out - the area of RAM used for these is called in XP the ‘Non-Paged area’. Because this mainly contains core code of the system, which is not likely to contain serious faults, a Blue Screen referring to ‘Page Fault in Non-Paged area’ probably indicates a serious hardware problem with the RAM modules, or possibly damaged code resulting from a defective Hard disk. It is, though, possible that external utility software (e.g. Norton) may put modules there too, so if such faults arise when you have recently installed or updated something of this sort, try uninstalling it.

• The Page Pool which can be used to hold:
  • Program code,
  • Data pages that have had actual data written to them, and
  • A basic amount of space for the file cache (known in Windows 9x systems as Vcache) of files that have recently been read from or written to hard disk.

Any remaining RAM will be used to make the file cache larger.

Why is there so little Free RAM?

Windows will always try to find some use for all of RAM — even a trivial one. If nothing else it will retain code of programs in RAM after they exit, in case they are needed again. Anything left over will be used to cache further files — just in case they are needed. But these uses will be dropped instantly should some other use come along. Thus there should rarely be any significant amount of RAM ‘free’. That term is a misnomer — it ought to be ‘RAM for which Windows can currently find no possible use’. The adage is: ‘Free RAM is wasted RAM’. Programs that purport to ‘manage’ or ‘free up’ RAM are pandering to a delusion that only such ‘Free’ RAM is available for fresh uses. That is not true, and these programs often result in reduced performance and may result in run-away growth of the page file.

Where is the page file?

The page file in XP is a hidden file called pagefile.sys. It is regenerated at each boot — there is no need to include it in a backup. To see it you need to have Folder Options | View set to ‘Show Hidden and System files’, and not to ‘Hide Protected mode System files’.

In earlier NT systems it was usual to have such a file on each hard drive partition, if there were more than one partition, with the idea of having the file as near as possible to the ‘action’ on the disk. In XP the optimisation implied by this has been found not to justify the overhead, and normally there is only a single page file in the first instance.

Where do I set the placing and size of the page file?

At Control Panel | System | Advanced, click Settings in the “Performance” Section. On the Advanced page of the result, the current total physical size of all page files that may be in existence is shown. Click Change to make settings for the Virtual memory operation. Here you can select any drive partition and set either ‘Custom’; ‘System Managed’ or ‘No page file’; then always click Set before going on to the next partition.

Should the file be left on Drive C:?

The slowest aspect of getting at a file on a hard disk is in head movement (‘seeking’). If you have only one physical drive then the file is best left where the heads are most likely to be, so where most activity is going on — on drive C:. If you have a second physical drive, it is in principle better to put the file there, because it is then less likely that the heads will have moved away from it. If, though, you have a modern large size of RAM, actual traffic on the file is likely to be low, even if programs are rolled out to it, inactive, so the point becomes an academic one. If you do put the file elsewhere, you should leave a small amount on C: — an initial size of 2MB with a Maximum of 50 is suitable — so it can be used in emergency. Without this, the system is inclined to ignore the settings and either have no page file at all (and complain) or make a very large one indeed on C:

In relocating the page file, it must be on a ‘basic’ drive. Windows XP appears not to be willing to accept page files on ‘dynamic’ drives.

NOTE: If you are debugging crashes and wish the error reporting to make a kernel or full dump, then you will need an initial size set on C: of either 200 MB (for a kernel dump) or the size of RAM (for a full memory dump). If you are not doing so, it is best to make the setting to no more than a ‘Small Dump’, at Control Panel | System | Advanced, click Settings in the ‘Startup and Recovery’ section, and select in the ‘Write Debug information to’ panel

Can the Virtual Memory be turned off on a really large machine?

Strictly speaking Virtual Memory is always in operation and cannot be “turned off.” What is meant by such wording is “set the system to use no page file space at all.”

Doing this would waste a lot of the RAM. The reason is that when programs ask for an allocation of Virtual memory space, they may ask for a great deal more than they ever actually bring into use — the total may easily run to hundreds of megabytes. These addresses have to be assigned to somewhere by the system. If there is a page file available, the system can assign them to it — if there is not, they have to be assigned to RAM, locking it out from any actual use.

How big should the page file be?

There is a great deal of myth surrounding this question. Two big fallacies are:

• The file should be a fixed size so that it does not get fragmented, with minimum and maximum set the same
• The file should be 2.5 times the size of RAM (or some other multiple)

Both are wrong in a modern, single-user system. A machine using Fast User switching is a special case, discussed below.)

Windows will expand a file that starts out too small and may shrink it again if it is larger than necessary, so it pays to set the initial size as large enough to handle the normal needs of your system to avoid constant changes of size. This will give all the benefits claimed for a ‘fixed’ page file. But no restriction should be placed on its further growth. As well as providing for contingencies, like unexpectedly opening a very large file, in XP this potential file space can be used as a place to assign those virtual memory pages that programs have asked for, but never brought into use. Until they get used — probably never — the file need not come into being. There is no downside in having potential space available.

For any given workload, the total need for virtual addresses will not depend on the size of RAM alone. It will be met by the sum of RAM and the page file. Therefore in a machine with small RAM, the extra amount represented by page file will need to be larger — not smaller — than that needed in a machine with big RAM. Unfortunately the default settings for system management of the file have not caught up with this: it will assign an initial amount that may be quite excessive for a large machine, while at the same leaving too little for contingencies on a small one.

How big a file will turn out to be needed depends very much on your work-load. Simple word processing and e-mail may need very little — large graphics and movie making may need a great deal. For a general workload, with only small dumps provided for (see note to ‘Should the file be left on Drive C:?’ above), it is suggested that a sensible start point for the initial size would be the greater of (a) 100 MB or (b) enough to bring RAM plus file to about 500 MB. EXAMPLE: Set the Initial page file size to 400 MB on a computer with 128 MB RAM; 250 on a 256 MB computer; or 100 MB for larger sizes.

But have a high Maximum size — 700 or 800 MB or even more if there is plenty of disk space. Having this high will do no harm. Then if you find the actual pagefile.sys gets larger (as seen in Explorer), adjust the initial size up accordingly. Such a need for more than a minimal initial page file is the best indicator of benefit from adding RAM: if an initial size set, for a trial, at 50MB never grows, then more RAM will do nothing for the machine's performance.

Bill James MS MVP has a convenient tool, ‘WinXP-2K_Pagefile’, for monitoring the actual usage of the Page file, which can be downloaded here. A compiled Visual Basic version is available from Doug Knox's site which may be more convenient for some users. The value seen for ‘Peak Usage’ over several days makes a good guide for setting the Initial size economically.

Note that these aspects of Windows XP have changed significantly from earlier Windows NT versions, and practices that have been common there may no longer be appropriate. Also, the ‘PF Usage’ (Page File in Use) measurement in Task Manager | Performance for ‘Page File in Use’ include those potential uses by pages that have not been taken up. It makes a good indicator of the adequacy of the ‘Maximum’ size setting, but not for the ‘Initial’ one, let alone for any need for more RAM.

Should the drive have a big cluster size?

While there are reports that in Windows 95 higher performance can be obtained by having the swap file on a drive with 32K clusters, in Windows XP the best performance is obtained with 4K ones — the normal size in NTFS and in FAT 32 partitions smaller than 8GB. This then matches the size of the page the processor uses in RAM to the size of the clusters, so that transfers may be made direct from file to RAM without any need for intermediate buffering

What about Fast User Switching then?

If you use Fast User Switching, there are special considerations. When a user is not active, there will need to be space available in the page file to ‘roll out’ his or her work: therefore, the page file will need to be larger. Only experiment in a real situation will establish how big, but a start point might be an initial size equal to half the size of RAM for each user logged in.

Problems with Virtual Memory

It may sometimes happen that the system give ‘out of memory’ messages on trying to load a program, or give a message about Virtual memory space being low. Possible causes of this are:

• The setting for Maximum Size of the page file is too low, or there is not enough disk space free to expand it to that size.



• The page file has become corrupt, possibly at a bad shutdown. In the Virtual Memory settings, set to “No page file,” then exit System Properties, shut down the machine, and reboot. Delete PAGEFILE.SYS (on each drive, if more than just C:), set the page file up again and reboot to bring it into use.



• The page file has been put on a different drive without leaving a minimal amount on C:.



• There is trouble with third party software. In particular, if the message happens at shutdown, suspect a problem with Symantec’s Norton Live update, for which there is a fix posted here. It is also reported that spurious messages can arise if NAV 2004 is installed. If the problem happens at boot and the machine has an Intel chipset, the message may be caused by an early version (before version 2.1) of Intel’s “Application Accelerator.” Uninstall this and then get an up-to-date version from Intel’s site.



• Another problem involving Norton Antivirus was recently discovered by MS-MVP Ron Martell. However, it only applies to computers where the pagefile has been manually resized to larger than the default setting of 1.5 times RAM — a practice we discourage. On such machines, NAV 2004 and Norton Antivirus Corporate 9.0 can cause your computer to revert to the default settings on the next reboot, rather than retain your manually configured settings. (Though this is probably an improvement on memory management, it can be maddening if you don’t know why it is happening.) Symantec has published separate repair instructions for computers with NAV 2004 and NAV Corporate 9.0 installed. [Added by JAE 2/21/06.]



• Possibly there is trouble with the drivers for IDE hard disks; in Device Manager, remove the IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers (main controller) and reboot for Plug and Play to start over.



• With an NTFS file system, the permissions for the page file’s drive’s root directory must give “Full Control” to SYSTEM. If not, there is likely to be a message at boot that the system is “unable to create a page file.”

Speed up XP Performance

1. Log In Run type in regedit

2. Press ctrl + F at the same

3. Type MenuShowDelay change a 0 value 400 with the 2x using mouse click. repeat until all is finished (most 5-6 times)

4. Enter my computer click properties click advanced setting performance in the visual effect choose adjust for best performance, click advanced and click on the change set the value to be 2x your amount of memory (eg, from 512 a 1024), click apply, ok

5. Log In Run type in more prefetch delete all existing.

Accelerating way your Windows XP. .

Here are additional tips and more to speed up your Windows XP. This complements the articles that discuss about sebelumya accelerate the performance of Windows XP.

(If it is still less quickly, the time the computer while running a guaranteed cepet:))

1. Perform defragmentation
2. If you are under 512M of RAM, adding RAM memory, at least 512 F, so that the reduced activity swaping Harddisk
3. Make sure your hard disk formatted using NTFS. Mengeceknya easy:
* Double click My Computer, then right-click drive C:
* Select Properties, see in the box, what Systemnya File, FAT32 or NTFS
* If not NTFS, conversion is not easy usah reinstall back.
To do so:
o Backup data first-important data (to avoid the case of kesalahan2)
o Click Start, Run, type CMD
o At the prompt type: convert C: / FS: NTFS and press the ENTER key
o The process will take some time
o Before doing this make sure your computer is free from virus
4. Disable File Indexing facilities. This process often takes
Easy way:
* Right-click drive C:
* Select properties
* Remove the check on the options: Allow indexing service to index this disk for fast file searching
* Apply
* The process will take some time
* If Access is denied appears, click Ignore
5. If possible, update your Video drivers in accordance with the latest chipset you
6. Once a month to do the disk cleanup.
How:
* Right click drive C:
* Select properties
* Click the disk cleanup
* Delete all temporary files
7. Make sure device IDE ATA / atapi use DMA (Direct Memory Access), is:
* Go to Control Panel, System, click Hardware, Device Manager
* Click on the double IDE ATA / atapi devices, and be sure to enable DMA on both the primary and the secondary.Caranya:
1.
* Double click on Primary IDE channel
* Click the Advance Setup
* Set transfer mode to "DMA if available"
* Do on the Secondary channel
8. Dispose of all spyware from your computer. Use free programs such as Lavasoft's AdAware or the other. Make sure you always update the latest data.
9. Dispose of the programs and services that are not too important with msconfig. View article Accelerating Windows XP Startup
10. Uninstall programs that are not too important to the Control Panel, Add remove programs
11. Turn off all the animated features that do not need and disable Active Desktop.
How:
* Go to Control Panel
* Double-click System
* Click the Advanced tab
* In the performace, Click the Settings button
* If you want gampangnya, select Adjut for best performance
* If you want to select, select, please un-check that is not necessary. No fear, if a check will not cause a problem, this is only a problem responsiveness
12. Make sure you only install one antivirus program in your PC. Anti-virus programs take resources.
13. Make sure you install the font is not more than 500 type. The more fonts you install, the computer will be slow. Check from a click Start, Control Panel and click on the Font
14. Do not partition your hard drive more than 1, for example, drive C and D. More efficient when you make only 1 partition, for example, 80 MB hardisk, dipartisi only 1 for the C drive only.
NTFS more efficient when working on a partition that's big on a few small partitions
15. Check your system RAM. Use MEMTEST86 program. Can be downloaded here. This will create a bootable floppy or bootable CD. Make a test on the RAM, and make sure all the test passed at least 3 pass. If a program error, turn off the computer and pull one of the RAM (if there is some chip RAM), and re-do the test. If the error still occurs-> replace your RAM. Remember RAM can not be repaired, bisanya aja cuma removed and replaced new:).
16. Make sure the CD or DVD you have the latest drivers. And do not forget, remove the CD from the CD drive when not needed
17. At least once a year open your computer, clean and dust-dust that is in it.
18. If with this method, the computer is still slow bin Lelet, it's better if the Windows XP reinstall them on the back. Before reinstall, remember, remember: the data-backup your important data, drivers are ready to support or not.

"Trust yourself. Think for yourself. Act for yourself. Speak for yourself. Be yourself. Imitation is suicide. "- Marva Collins - Joko Nurjadi

Cetak

Quote RESPECT encourage you to be yourself and do not impersonate other people, may in some cases is better to apply, but the quote is apparently seldom practiced by most site owners on the Internet.

May not have a really accurate to calculate the amount of active sites on the Internet, but without using tools or survey, we can already see with the eyes kasat that the number of scattered sites on the Internet increased relatively rapidly from day to day, which will not be have completely your visit even if you surf in the virtual world for 7 × 24 hours non-stop.

But on the other hand, find the new site of innovative rarely found, most of the new site is created with the idea of taking a site that ever before. Result, we can see how many blog sites scattered, portal, wiki, game, news, and a line of other klasifi cause.

Therefore, if you have a brilliant idea and launched a site that never terpikirkan by others, then you must be careful to add later on if your site has kembaran, the deliberate or not. A similar site, such as site B, site B-like sites such as C, is actually not the case that because the taboo on the Internet so many Internet users are spread all over the world and the breadth of creativity that can be developed on a site, thus expanding the information that can be accessed users.

Although there may be only a plagiarist mencontek the total of ideas, design, content or even a particular site. But over time, running, imitation is the site to find their own identity to be able to stand still in the jungle of information called the Internet.

Among the many sites that freely accessible by anyone, whether new or creative to offer a FOLLOWER, one of which is owned, that is all sites want to be popular. World wide web is like window-shelf Sasa memajang the millions of sites that the others want to be a race that leads.

Measuring Popularity

"Please make me a site if the search in the search engine will appear in the top 10 list", so request a skipper missed the goat does not want the mempopularkan business on the Internet.

Usually the web developer akan furiously explain how difficult it expects a site to appear at the forefront of search engines, and finally removing the terms magic, such as search engine optimization, search algorithm, meta tags, keywords, web crawler, and so forth, in the hope that the skipper goat understand if the site will not sepopular hopes.

Actually you can just say there are about 250,000 new pages that grow each day on the Internet and please imagine if all you want to appear on the top search engines.

Do not forget the good news is there are more than 1 billion Internet users around the world, and the number is increasing every day. So even if a site does not occupy the top ranking on search engines, does not mean the site is not popular.

Then, how to measure the popularity of a site? One of which is often a reference view of the frequency of user visits. There are several ways that we akan below.

Web Counter

A web counter (also commonly called the hit counter) will calculate the number of visitors that access your site, your web counter is usually placed on the front page situsdan may want shown by the site owner denganfont large amount if the fantastic, and the font size angkadengan small amount if less (tergantungpada level of confidence of the owner of the site!).

For web designers / developers who do not want to be bothered to do programming, web counter, there are quite a lot of sites that offers free web counter calculation. Cukupdengan add a line of code in the program halamansitus you, and it will appear that the number of visitor access to your site.

Unfortunately, the web counter is not always reliable, for a number counter on the web can be modified by the site owner. Currently, the web does not nearly rise to counter the impression that means for the view, as can already be too general, or because of lack of trust in the numbers listed on the web counter.

However, not closed the possibility to create your web counter to become more interesting with a little creativity, for example, by displaying the number of users who are accessing your site, or display a web counter that is live. One such example is offered on the site http://www.chami.com/counter/classic/.

Web statistics

Web statistics generally provides better information than the number shown on the web counter. For example, you can see the number of visits based on a certain period, or divided according to geographical location, or indicate how much data transfer is used, and other information.



Statistics on the web, you can see not only in the form of numbers, but also in the form of a table and graph. Information like this is very useful to analyze the site visits in more detail.

Web statistics take the raw data coming from all the requests directed to your site (including the request that failed), to the request are stored in a log file on the web server. The log is then processed by the application and web analytics reports to be displayed, informative web statistics.

How the above would require access to the log file on the web server. What if we want to calculate a statistical site but does not have access to the log file on the web server? Way is to use JavaScript that let third-party servers each time a page of a site called web browser, this method is known by the name of page Tagging.

Web statistics show the method to read the log files or page Tagging has advantages and disadvantages of each. It is also possible to use a hybrid method that combines both methods in the hope that the above information can give a more accurate statistics.

Some examples of the application is AWStats web analytics, W3Perl, Webalizer, phpMyVisites, and so forth.

Web Rank

List ranking / ranking because the tune is always easy to understand and directly hit the target. Is something that has a distinctive charm as if the display list: the richest in the world, best film oscar winner, and so on. How about a list of web terpopular?

One is a provider of information Alexa Internet, Inc. (http://www.alexa.com). A subsidiary company of Amazon.com. Alexa rank retrieved based on user visits Alexa Toolbar for Internet Explorer and integrated in the sidebar in Mozilla and Netscape.

Although there is controversy about the accuracy of information displayed Alexa, but the information displayed is used as a reference for both the popularity of a site in general.

Of course, the sites included in the list of alexa 500. com is a site that already does not doubt popu-laritasnya. Conversely, if your site is still ranked in the less well according to Alexa, so it may be an indication that you need to improve the service site or to introduce your site more widely again. You can view the ranking of site specific information by typing site address you want to search through the site alexa.com nor a way to install Alexa Toolbar, or use SearchStatus extension for Mozilla Firefox.

Another method was introduced by Google with PageRank. PageRank measures the weight of a 0-10 scale of the site with a specific algorithm based on analysis of the link, which shows how the high level of importance (Importance) a site.

The higher the value of your PageRank, the more weight your site, and of course also means the more popular. Because the calculation of PageRank based on links, then the relief efforts to enhance the link with the tools and text-link programiklan. This is the accuracy and quality of the site that has a high PageRank is, therefore, Google is actively begin to provide penalties for sites that sell text-link to maintain the accuracy of the assessment PageRank. PageRank can be displayed through the Google Toolbar extension or SearchStatus on the Mozilla Firefox browser.

Popularkan Your Site!

Really fun, if your site occupies a high rank and have good statistics, but how do I mempopularkan your site?

Before you continue reading this section, before we always need to realize that to get good results, usually not or rarely can be achieved instantly and without maximum effort.

Similarly with the popularity of your site, which is a process that must be built with seriously. Some way are:

1. Create a reciprocal relationship that mutually beneficial exchange with a link on another site.

2. Go to the community such as forum, blog, mailing list, and introduce your site in a manner that is polite and does not violate the ethical community in which you reside. Sometimes even enough to put a link on the footer (if allowed), you may get some new visitors.

3. Emphasize on the quality and not on quantity. Better get 10 visitors who spend an average of 30 minutes above are in your site, compared to 100 visitors who average only to open your site in seconds! Therefore continue to develop your site, learn what is desired by the visitor, and what if there is a need to be. Visitors it is the customer, and customer is king!

4. Enter your site in the online directory (either the free or pay), such as yellow pages, your site's alumni, and others who have the categorization and structure well.

5. Create an article or other paper, add a link to your site in the article, and publish an article is appropriate in its place. Imagine if your article interesting the readers, of course not a little curious about who will open the link in the hope that you find more information.

Is not recommended you make a bomb with spam e-mail, program a robot, or in any way interfere with the comfort that other people just to pursue fame.

Indeed, for a site, the popularity also means that money can flow more smoothly. With the provision of visitor statistics, the site can provide an advertising service with the cost of relatively expensive. But before tergiur by popularity and money, we need to learn from the sites that have been popular and able to survive long, once again, they always build quality before quantity gain.

Overall return on the actual destination site. The site is so that people can cite the benefits, the visitor is a jury to determine the actual quality of your site.

In the long term, loyal visitors who have the benefit of the site that you will continue to make your site stand.

Limit coffee to Guest

Site is like a house that is open for the guests who come visiting. But, until you just do not prioritize on the high visitor numbers, perform the analysis without more information about who visited your site. This is because not all visitors come to your site to get something useful from the content sites, among the many visitors, be it a visitor to your site the most diligent is a software application that runs automatically!

Application known as Internet bots or bots abbreviated, made with a variety of purposes. There is a positive such as search engine robots that help to register your site in search engines, but also have a negative and made for a certain interest, for example, to collect e-mail address on every web page that is found, can even do so for assault of Denial Service, of course "guests" who come in this way need not be given a cup of coffee!

In the end, the reality is that there will be popular your site if the content is able to attract many people, so that always makes the visitors want to access your site regularly and continuously. So how to prioritize sites that can produce better numbers than pursuing only a visitor.

But also, not mean that visitor numbers and statistics become important, and use statistical analysis to counter further in developing your site to a better direction again. (Source: PCMedia)

MORE NEXT

http://www.maniactive.com/how_alexa_works.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_analytics
http://wiki.answers.com

Save your Windows Activation

Since Windows XP, Windows must be activated so that can be used. If not activated, Windows can be used free for 30 days. After that, Windows is locked and can only be used after re-activated.

Other software vendors also began to apply the same technique. See Symantec's antivirus application or graphics from Adobe. Before it can be used, software must be activated first. Options activation is provided through the public Internet or phone.

Why do I want to use software must go through the activation process? The goal is to press the number of piracy and license misuse. With activation, software vendors can ensure that the product is in non-users to install pirated products, but downright user who has purchased a license and license to use it correctly.

Assume there is a computer users who have a license for a Windows computer. The user to install the computer and do the activation. He has another computer that it was the same instali Windows. Windows on the second computer that can not be activated.

Activation can be used as a number of solutions for product piracy to the software. But, how this could be a few problems for the official license. Why? Because, if the computer does not have an internet connection, it should be more difficult to activate via phone. Imagine, a process that he should be back when he re-install Windows on the computer.

Pcplus to the problem have a solution! Before you do re-install Windows, follow the first steps this.
1. Run Windows Explorer.
2. Create a new folder. For example, a folder named "backup" located in drive D.
3. Go to the folder C: WINDOWS-system32-. If you install Windows on another drive, you can customize the folder with the drive that you use.
4. On the right a window will appear that states that the information in the file folder in the hidden condition. Click [Show the contents of this folder] to display the contents of the system32 folder.
5. After system32 folder opens, look for a file called wpa.dbl.
6. Wpa.dbl copy the file to the folder that you previously created (D:-backup).

You may have to re-install your Windows. After Windows has been ter-install, continue working with these steps.
1. Restart the computer and press the [F8] on the keyboard right before the computer into the Windows operating system.
2. Select [Safe Mode].
3. Once signed in to Windows, restart Windows Explorer.
4. Go to the folder D: backup, the backup files stored wpa.dbl. Copy the file back to the folder C: WINDOWS-system32-.
5. Wpa.dbl file when you paste, it will appear that the file information has been available in the system32 folder. Click [Yes] only.
6. Finally, restart Windows. Windows does not ask again activated.

Ah, there should be. Make sure the hardware you use is not changed before and after you re-install Windows. If you add or reduce computer hardware, this trick can not be used.

Source: pcplus

Dictionary & Translator Software English-Indonesia

Need English dictionary? Well here you can get it. This software can translate English to Indonesian and Indonesian to English.

On the internet there is one there are many online dictionaries, among them you can download the English Dictionary and the Dictionary v2.03.

Dictionary for English, you do not need to install it, simply unzip the folder to a course, continue to run the file Kamus.exe. Dictionary for v2.03, you need to install. Both can translate words from English to Indonesian and vice versa.

Special for you who have internet access, can take advantage of Google Translate translation edition is available to the Indonesian language. Bagamat feature translated in a still few, but to translate from English to Indonesia is quite sizeable.

Tips deficult a 18 question interview job.

It is not a secret anymore that interview or job interview is the most critical to get the job you want. Because of this, of course you know that you must prepare your seprima possible, both physically and mentally. Ketok this time will give you tips for the eighteen most common questions and tersulit in a job interview.

1. Tell us about yourself?

Usually this question is the opener, so do not spend too much time to it. Give answers that the four subject: recent years, education, work history, experience and career final.

2. What you know about us?

When this question was issued, you are expected to discuss the products or services, income, reputation, community views, trget problems, management style, those in, history, and philosophy of the company. Grant tells the interviewer that you take the time find out about the company, but do not act like you know everything about the company, show the desire to learn more about the company, and do not give negative answers such as "I know the company you have problems-problems , the reason I was here. " Emphasize the benefits of the company and your interest towards it.

3. What can you give to us (that other people can not give)?

A performance-and achievement levels of career that you have been tired. Ability and mention the things that interest you, join with the history you achieve the things that. Mention your ability to determine priorities, identify problems, and

4. What is most interesting to you from this job? And what's the least interesting?

A three to four attractive factors of the job you want and take things one small factor as the less interesting.

5. Why should we recruit you?

Questions such as this saam question number four, just mention your ability-the ability of the company is able to support.

6. What are you looking for in a job?

Provide a range of opportunity in the organization. Tell the interviewer you want to contribute and recognized. Avoid answers that discuss personal financial stability.

7. According to you, what the definition of the position you want?

Give a short range and on the tasks and obligations. Make sure you understand the position before you want to reply.

8. How long you need to provide meaningful contribution to us?

Give a realistic answer. Tell your interviewer that although akan tried all the expectations and challenges from the first day, you need about six months to truly understand the company and organization needs.

9. How long you will be with us?

Please tell interviewer that you are interested in career with the company but you still want to reach the target tertantang together.

10. From your resume, we feel you are too experienced for this position. How do you think?

This question traps. You are expected to remain humble, but confident of your ability. The best way it is said that you need to know more before the company can work efficiently at a higher level.

11. Why do you leave your previous job?

You should answer this question with the honest but brief and clear if it is included because you the sack. However to note, you should not mention personal conflict. You need to take into account that the interviewer will probably ask a lot of problems this problem, until you do not emotionally involved.

12. What you feel when leaving your job?

Tell interviewer that you feel the fear but do not panic impressed. Say that you are ready to accept any risk to get their job is right for you. Do not show that you are more important financial stability.

13. On your previous job, what was with you? And what is not well?

Be careful in answering questions and kemukakan things positive. Describe the more things that you like than you do not like. Do not mention personal problems. If you make a bad impression previous job, interviewer will wonder why you are there. This significantly reduces your professionalism.

14. What is your opinion about your previous boss?

This is also a question that you need to answer carefully. As much as possible answer this question with a positive potential boss because you feel you akan akan discuss anything bad about him like what you've made a bunch of tools.

15. Why do not you get a better job at your age?

Again, this question can be a pitfall. Tell interviewer that this is the reason you find the job in the company. Do not be defensive.

16. What is the salary that you requested?

This question is mengiurkan, but make sure you specify the number range that you believe is a reasonable salary or ask the interviewer how the range of similar jobs. If you were given this question from the beginning of the interview, you should mengelaknya saying you want to know how much responsibility that you will hold in the company. Emphasize that you will be more work but do not sell your standards.

17. Do you target long-term?

To answer this question, you more and more companies are required to examine and understand the plan and / or target they give answers that singkron with the property company.

18. How successful you have been feeling tired?

Provide a positive and confident, but do not provide answers that excess. Do not make your interviewer feel like a man who exaggerate things

List of commands' Run 'in Windows XP

Netter certainly know what it is to Run. Run is a menu or command that can be accessed in the Start or press the Windows key + R following command list: compmgmt.msc – Computer management devmgmt.msc – Device manager diskmgmt.msc – Disk management dfrg.msc – Disk defrag eventvwr.msc – Event viewer fsmgmt.msc – Shared folders gpedit.msc – Group policies lusrmgr.msc – Local users and groups perfmon.msc – Performance monitor rsop.msc – Resultant set of policies secpol.msc – Local security settings services.msc – Various Services msconfig – System Configuration Utility regedit – Registry Editor msinfo32 – System Information sysedit – System Edit win.ini – windows loading information(also system.ini) winver – Shows current version of windows mailto: – Opens default email client cmd – Opens command prompt msconfig – to configurate start up mspaint – to open ms paint program calc – to call calculator nusrmgr.cpl – User password Sumber: callrid

Red Hat Linux 9: x86 Installation Guide

3.20. Boot Loader Configuration

In order to boot the system without a boot diskette, you usually need to install a boot loader. A boot loader is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to the operating system kernel software. The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating system.

The installation program provides two boot loaders for you to choose from, GRUB and LILO.

GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader), which is installed by default, is a very powerful boot loader. GRUB can load a variety of free operating systems, as well as proprietary operating systems with chain-loading (the mechanism for loading unsupported operating systems, such as DOS or Windows, by loading another boot loader).

LILO (LInux LOader) is a versatile boot loader for Linux. It does not depend on a specific file system, can boot Linux kernel images from floppy diskettes and hard disks, and can even boot other operating systems.

Figure 3-16. Boot Loader Configuration

If you do not want to install GRUB as your boot loader, click Change boot loader. You can then choose to install LILO or choose not to install a boot loader at all.

If you already have a boot loader that can boot Linux and do not want to overwrite your current boot loader, or if you plan to boot the system using boot diskettes, choose Do not install a boot loader by clicking on the Change boot loader button.

Caution

If you choose not to install GRUB or LILO for any reason, you will not be able to boot the system directly, and you will need to use another boot method (such as a boot diskette). Use this option only if you are sure you have another way of booting the system! An opportunity to create a boot diskette is available toward the end of the installation process (refer to Section 3.30 Boot Diskette Creation for more information).

Every bootable partition is listed, including partitions used by other operating systems. The partition holding the system's root file system will have a Label of Red Hat Linux (for GRUB) or linux (for LILO). Other partitions may also have boot labels. If you would like to add or change the boot label for other partitions that have been detected by the installation program, click once on the partition to select it. Once selected, you can change the boot label by clicking the Edit button.

Select Default beside the preferred boot partition to choose your default bootable OS. You will not be able to move forward in the installation unless you choose a default boot image.

Note

The Label column lists what you must enter at the boot prompt, in non-graphical boot loaders, in order to boot the desired operating system. Once you have loaded the GRUB boot screen, use the arrow keys to choose a boot label or type [e] for edit. You will be presented with a list of items in the configuration file for the boot label you have selected. At the graphical LILO screen, press [Ctrl]-[x] to exit to the boot: prompt. If you forget the boot labels defined on your system, you can always press [Tab] at the prompt to display a list of defined boot labels.

Boot loader passwords provide a security mechanism in an environment where physical access to your server is available.

If you are installing a boot loader, you should create a password to protect your system. Without a boot loader password, users with access to your system can pass options to the kernel which can compromise your system security. With a boot loader password in place, the password must first be entered in order to select any non-standard boot options.

If you choose to use a boot loader password to enhance your system security, be sure to select the checkbox labeled Use a boot loader password.

Once selected, enter a password and confirm it.

To configure more advance boot loader options, such as changing the drive order or passing options to the kernel, be sure Configure advanced boot loader options is selected before clicking Next.

3.20.1. Advanced Boot Loader Configuration

Now that you have chosen which boot loader to install, you can also determine where you want the boot loader to be installed. You may install the boot loader in one of two places:

The master boot record (MBR)

This is the recommended place to install a boot loader, unless the MBR already starts another operating system loader, such as System Commander. The MBR is a special area on your hard drive that is automatically loaded by your computer's BIOS, and is the earliest point at which the boot loader can take control of the boot process. If you install it in the MBR, when your machine boots, GRUB (or LILO) will present a boot prompt. You can then boot Red Hat Linux or any other operating system that you have configured the boot loader to boot.

The first sector of your boot partition

This is recommended if you are already using another boot loader on your system. In this case, your other boot loader will take control first. You can then configure that boot loader to start GRUB (or LILO), which will then boot Red Hat Linux.

Figure 3-17. Boot Loader Installation

If your system will use only Red Hat Linux, you should choose the MBR. For systems with Windows 95/98, you should also install the boot loader to the MBR so that it can boot both operating systems.

Click the Change Drive Order button if you would like to rearrange the drive order or if your BIOS does not return the correct drive order. Changing the drive order may be useful if you have multiple SCSI adapters, or both SCSI and IDE adapters, and you want to boot from the SCSI device.

The Force LBA32 (not normally required) option allows you to exceed the 1024 cylinder limit for the /boot partition. If you have a system which supports the LBA32 extension for booting operating systems above the 1024 cylinder limit, and you want to place your /boot partition above cylinder 1024, you should select this option.

Tip

While partitioning your hard drive, keep in mind that the BIOS in some older systems cannot access more than the first 1024 cylinders on a hard drive. If this is the case, leave enough room for the /boot Linux partition on the first 1024 cylinders of your hard drive to boot Linux. The other Linux partitions can be after cylinder 1024. In parted, 1024 cylinders equals 528MB. Refer to http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/bios/sizeMB504-c.html for more information.

If you wish to add default options to the boot command, enter them into the Kernel parameters field. Any options you enter will be passed to the Linux kernel every time it boots.

3.20.2. Rescue Mode

If you need to use rescue mode, there are several options available to you.

• Using the CD-ROM to boot, type linux rescue at the boot: prompt.

• By booting your system from an installation boot diskette made from the boot.img image. This method requires that the Red Hat Linux CD-ROM #1 be inserted as the rescue image or that the rescue image be on the hard drive as an ISO image. Once you have booted using this diskette, type linux rescue at the boot: prompt.

• By booting from a network diskette made from the bootnet.img or PCMCIA boot diskettes made from pcmcia.img. Once you have booted using this diskette, type linux rescue at the boot: prompt. You can only do this if your network connection is working. You will need to identify the network host and transfer type. For an explanation of how to specify this information, see Section 3.7 Preparing for a Network Installation.

For more information, refer to the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide.

3.20.3. Alternative Boot Loaders

If you do not wish to use a boot loader, you have several alternatives:

Boot diskette

You can use the boot diskette created by the installation program (if you create one).

LOADLIN

You can load Linux from MS-DOS. Unfortunately, this requires a copy of the Linux kernel (and an initial RAM disk, if you have a SCSI adapter) to be available on an MS-DOS partition. The only way to accomplish this is to boot your Red Hat Linux system using some other method (for example, from a boot diskette) and then copy the kernel to an MS-DOS partition. LOADLIN is available from

ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/dualboot/

and associated mirror sites.

SYSLINUX

SYSLINUX is an MS-DOS program very similar to LOADLIN. It is also available from

ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/loaders/

and associated mirror sites.

Commercial boot loaders

You can load Linux using commercial boot loaders. For example, System Commander and Partition Magic are able to boot Linux (but still require GRUB or LILO to be installed in your Linux root partition).

	Note
	Boot loaders such as LOADLIN and System Commander are considered to be third-party boot loaders and are not supported by Red Hat.

3.20.4. SMP Motherboards, GRUB, and LILO

This section is specific to SMP motherboards only. SMP, short for Symmetric Multiprocessing, is a computer architecture providing fast performance by making multiple CPUs available to complete individual processes simultaneously (multiprocessing).

If the installation program detects an SMP motherboard on your system, it will automatically create two boot loader entries.

	Note
	Intel® Pentium® 4 systems with hyperthreading will have an SMP kernel installed by default.

The two GRUB entries will be Red Hat Linux (kernel version) and Red Hat Linux (kernel version-smp). The Red Hat Linux (kernel version-smp) will boot by default. However, if you have trouble with the SMP kernel, you can elect to boot the Red Hat Linux (kernel version) entry instead. You will retain all the functionality as before, but you will only be operating with a single processor.

The two LILO entries will be linux and linux-up. The linux entry will boot by default. However, if you have trouble with the SMP kernel, you can elect to boot the linux-up entry instead. You will retain all the functionality as before, but you will only be operating with a single processor.